Taqsiḍt n Banu Hilal, gar tidet d tkerkas.

Llan kra, mi ara bɣun ad d-seknen dakken Imaziɣen n Tefriqt Ugafa d aεraben, ad azzlen ad aɣ-d-smektin taqsiḍt-nni n Banu Hilal. Maca anwa-ten ? Melmi, ayɣer i d-usan ɣer Tefriqt Ugafa ? D acu i yellan d tidet neɣ d tikerkas di teqsiḍt-nsen ?

Ma nmuqqel ayen i d-qqaren yinmezrayen, Banu Hilal, d imenkuren (nomades) aεraben n lεerc n Banu Hilal akked Banu Soulim (Soulym) i d-yusan ɣer Tafriqt Ugafa di lqern wis 11. Ddan-d yirgazen d lxalat, wwin-d ula d arrac yid-sen. Ayen i d-nenna akka yesεa azal acku yeskanay-d dakken yella umgired gar Waεraben d Yimaziɣen, mačči d yiwet n ccetla. Ma usan-d Waεraben, wwin-d tiwaculin-nsen yid-sen, ihi ur uḥwaǧen ara ad xelḍen akked Yimaziɣen ; anect-a, teskanay-it-id tkerḍa n Ldzayer n lqern wis 11 akked 13. Ma nmuqqel ɣer-s ad naf dakken leεruc n Yimaziɣen akked wid n Waεraben ur dukklen ara, yal yiwen iman-is i yettidir.

Deg wayen yerzan uṭṭun-nsen, ad naf dakken yuεer bac ad d-nini acḥal i yellan maca inmezrayen n Tefriqt Ugafa nnan-d dakken usan-d s waṭas. Anect-a, ufan-t deg udlis-nni n Ibn Xaldun « Histoire des Berbères », d ayen i ten-idemren ad d-inin belli usan-d s waṭas. Deg udlis-nni, yeḥka-d dakken udfen-d s leɣseb yerna sṭeycen Imaziɣen deg ubrid-nsen. D aya i idemren kra ad d-inin belli ass-a Imaziɣen drus kan i d-yeqqimen, qqimen-d deg yidurar kan.

Maḥfuḍ Qeddac, d anmezray, yenna-d dakken uṭṭun-nsen ad yili gar xemsemyat alef akked umelyun. Yenna-d dakken sin-nni n leεrac ansa i d-usan ad ilin meqqrit. Maca ɣef wanta temɣer i d-yettmeslay ? Lεerc, yezmer ad yili meqqer ma yesεa aṭas n yimezdaɣ akken yezmer ad yili meqqer ma yella imezdaɣ-is seg wid yettεawanen, d ibaɣasen, d at nnif d lḥerma … Bac ad nefhem amek tella tegnit imir-nni, ilaq ad nwali dacu i ten-idemren ad d-asen di lqern wis 11. Llan kra qqaren-d dakken bac ad aɣ-d-awin Lislam netta tasreḍt-a tekcem-d ɣer Tefriqt Ugafa deg lqern wis 07, da ara naf belli mačči d tidet.

Inmezrayen, segzan-d dakken timentelt-nsen (ssebba) mačči d ddin ara aɣ-d-awin ; tettuɣal ɣer tsertit (politique). D uguren n tsertit i idemren Ifaṭimiyen ad ten-id-qecεen ɣer Tefriqt Ugafa. Ma nerra lwelha ɣer wayen i d-yenna Ibn Xaldun akked Maḥfuḍ Qeddac, ad naf dakken Aεraben-a ttwaqecεen-d si Tegzirt Taεrabt di tlemmast n lqern wis 10 ɣer Maser acku sekren-tt dinna, xeddmen ccwal. Yura-d Ibn Xaldun : « La présence de ces nomades dut nuire à la prospérité de cette région, il (le prince fatimide) prit le parti de les y établir, en les installant sur le bord oriental du Nil », maca di lqern wis 11, Ifaṭimiyen, demren-ten ad ṭxirben si Maser ɣer Tefriqt Ugafa. D aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad qqimen dinna, ad ṭṭfen idgan d ihrawanen.

Ayen i d-nnan akka yezmer ahat yecceḍ. Ma tesṭeyceḍ yiwen, ihi tebhedleḍ, tekkseḍ fell-as leqder. Amek Ifaṭimiyen i ssawḍen ad bhedlen akk lɣaci-nni ? Acku deg waṭas yid-sen ? Amek ara tesεuḍ ttawil akken ad tesṭeyceḍ sin n leεrac d imeqqranen lawan-nni, ad asen-tbeddleḍ adeg anda ara idiren ?

Tella yiwet n tɣawsa-nniḍen i aɣ-idemren ad ncaket ɣef wuṭṭun-nsen ameqqran i d-yusan : Tigzirt Taεrabt, d tamnaḍt anda icaḍ rrmel, ihi ulac imezdaɣ deg-s ḥawli acku tuεer tudert di tniri (désert). Ihi, di lqern wis 11, ma tesṭeyceḍ akk anect-nni n medden ɣas ini-yas tesṭeyceḍ akk imezdaɣ n Tegzirt Taεrabt. (…)

Ilaq ad d-nesmekti dakken di lqern wis 11, ḥawli n leṭwafen i yettmettaten, ihi asmi d-usan ɣer Maser si tazwara, amek i d-ǧǧan akk anect-nni n dderya bac ad ṭṭfen Tafriqt Ugafa ?

Tɣawsa tis snat i aɣ-idemren ad ncaket ɣef wuṭṭun-nsen ameqqran d tudert i d-wwin lawan-nni. Mačči d wid i yettidiren deg yiwen n wadeg, ttbeddilen yal tikkelt anda ara idiren acku tudert-nsen d tamenkurt (nomade), ad yaεer ɣef lεerc yesεan xemsemyat alef neɣ amelyun n yimezdaɣ ad yettbeddil s lmal-nsen adeg n tudert di tniri n Ḥijaz.

Ibn Xaldun, yeḥka-d amek Aεraben-nni i ssawḍen ad ṭṭfen di ddqiqa azgen ameqqran n Tefriqt Ugafa. Deg ubrid-nsen, rebbḥen deg umennuɣ yerna demmren Imaziɣen lawan-nni ad rewlen. Uṭṭun-nsen, d tidet, meqqer di lawan anda amennuɣ yettili s ttawil n yigesturen (épées) maca ilaq ad d-ibin amek i ssawḍen ad stεemren Tafriqt Ugafa ; d ayen ur ssawḍen ad xedmen akk wid i iεerḍen ad tt-setεemren uqbel-nsen. (…)

Ma nenna-d dakken d leεrac imeqqranen Waεraben-a, ma neḍfer ayen i yura Meḥfuḍ Qeddac, ihi ayɣer ur ṭṭifen ara leḥkem di Maser ? Ayɣer i d-εellen uguren i Yifaṭimiyen netta zemren ad ṭṭfen leḥkem imi caḍen ihi ?

Akken i d-nnan yinmezrayen, leεrac-a, llan seg wid yettawaḍen medden, ttakren lḥeǧǧaǧ, ẓeddmen ɣef yimsiklen (voyageurs), d aya i idemren Ifaṭimiyen ad ten-qecεen. Ihi imi d-yenna Meḥfuḍ Qeddac dakken d leεrac « imeqqranen », d ayen i yessewhamen (…). Gabriel Camps, yenna-d dakken asmi d-wwḍen, uṭṭun-nsen, ur iεeddi ara win n Yiwendalen asmi d-usan (…)

Γas akken ur iwekked ara mliḥ ɣef wayen i d-qqaren ɣef Banu Hilal, Ibn Xadun, yeεreḍ ad d-yefk ayen yettwali, yenna-d dakken leεrac-a cweyya d iweḥciyen, llan zemren ad steεmren wiyaḍ ; d ayen ur nezmir ad xedmen wid i yellan axir-nsen di lǧehd, di tɣerma akked unegmu. Σla ḥdab ayen i d-yenna, d tudert-nsen taweεrant i ttidiren imir-nni i ten-yeǧǧan ad sεun tabɣest-nni, d ayen ur d-nettaf sɣur wid yettidiren deg yiɣaramen (cités).

Maca tiẓri-ya (théorie), mazal ur d-tekfi ara akken ad negzu amezruy n Banu Hilal. Ifaṭimyen, mačči d wid i yettbeddilen adeg n tmezduɣt-nsen (sédentarisés), mačči d anect-a ara idemren Banu Hilal ad asen-kksen leḥkem lawan-nni. Imaziɣen daɣen akken yerna werǧin serḥen i yiɣallen-nsen deg umennuɣ. D amennuɣ-nni i ttnaɣen ɣef leḥkem yakan uqbel, i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttḥadaren iman-nsen. Maca ilaq ad d-nesmekti dakken Imaziɣen ula d nutni llan kra seg-sen d imenkuren (nomades), u llan wid i yettidiren deg yidurar.

Ma tdemmer-aɣ lheḍra-ya ad d-nini dakken Aεraben i d-yusan ɣer Tmazɣa imir-nni, ur caḍen ara, nezmer ad d-nini ihi dakken ama d Idzayriyen ama d wid-nnḍen i yettidiren di Tmazɣa, i yettmeslayen s taεrabt ass-a, d Imaziɣen yettwaεerben. Yerna daɣen wid i d-yeqqaren dakken llan Waεraben di Ldzayer acku ttmeslayen s taεrabt, d tucḍa acku deg wannar iban-d dakken d tikerkas.

Γas atan Aεraben-a usan-d ɣer Tmazɣa, iban kan xelḍen d Yimaziɣen, ihi yuεer fell-aneɣ ass-a ad d-nini dakken laṣel-nneɣ d aεrab kan. Akken daɣen d awezɣi ad d-nini dakken laṣel-nneɣ d Arumani neɣ d Awendali.

Ma nenna-d ass-a dakken Imaziɣen drusit di Tmazɣa yerna ttidiren deg yidurar akked tniriyin akken i d-qqaren kra (5 % di Libya d Tunes, 20 % di Ldzayer akked 50 % di Lmerruk), d tisselbi. Wi, ur ssemgiriden ara gar tutlayt taεrabt d teεrabit (arabité). Tutlayt, d allal n teɣwalt (communication), mačči d nettat i d-yeskanayen d acu-yaɣ, ma ulac ma neḍfer axemmem-a ad d-naf dakken ḥawli n Yidzayriyen ara yuɣalen d Ifransisen, ḥawli n warjentiniyen ara yuɣalen d ispenyuliyen …

Asseεreb n Yimaziɣen yella yakan uqbel ma ad d-awḍen Yihilaliyen di lqern wis 11. Ttmeslayen s taεrabt acku kecmen di Lislam. D acu ara ten-idemren ihi imir-nni ad rewlen, ad ǧǧen akal-nsen ma neḍfer dacu d-qqaren yinmezrayen n Tefriqt Ugafa d wid n Waεraben ?

Anect-a akk, ad aɣ-yawi ad d-nini dakken Lmaɣrib (akka i as-ttlaεin ar tura i tmura i d-ijemεen Libya, Ldzayer, Tunes, Lmerruk, Tiniri Tutrimt akked Muriṭani) mačči d Aεraben i t-izedɣen, ɣer wacu d-rnan kra n Yimaziɣen kan. Anect-a akk, ad aɣ-yawi ad d-nini daɣen dakken Imaziɣen ilaq ad ɣren amezruy-nsen bac ur ttettuyen ara laṣel-nsen. (…)

Raziqa Σednani.

D tukkist seg : La nécessaire réconciliation.

Tiẓrigin : Upblisher (deuxième édition 2017).

Yerra-t-id ɣer tmaziɣt : Σabdennur Ḥamiṭuc. Tasnawit n Σebderreḥman Busaεa. Adekkar.

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